YOLOv5 based object detection in reel package X-ray images of semiconductor component

The industrial manufacturing landscape is currently shifting toward the incorporation of technologies based on artificial intelligence (AI). This transition includes an evolution toward smart factory infrastructure, with a specific focus on AI-driven strategies in production and quality control. Specifically, AI-empowered computer vision has emerged as a potent tool that offers a departure from extant rule-based systems and provides enhanced operational efficiency at manufacturing sites. As the manufacturing sector embraces this new paradigm, the impetus to integrate AI-integrated manufacturing is evident. Within this framework, one salient application is AI deep learning–facilitated small-object detection, which is poised to have extensive implications for diverse industrial applications. This study describes an optimized iteration of the YOLOv5 model, which is known for its efficacious single-stage object-detection abilities underpinned by PyTorch. Our proposed “improved model” incorporates an additional layer to the model's canonical three-layer architecture, augmenting accuracy and computational expediency. Empirical evaluations using semiconductor X-ray imagery reveal the model's superior performance metrics. Given the intricate specifications of surface-mount technologies, which are characterized by a plethora of micro-scale components, our model makes a seminal contribution to real-time, in-line production assessments. Quantitative analyses show that our improved model attained a mean average precision of 0.622, surpassing YOLOv5's 0.349, and a marked accuracy enhancement of 0.865, which is a significant improvement on YOLOv5's 0.552. These findings bolster the model's robustness and potential applicability, particularly in discerning objects at reel granularities during real-time inferencing.