Unveiling the Protonation Kinetics-Dependent Selectivity in Nitrogen Electroreduction: Achieving 75.05 % Selectivity

While higher selectivity of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to ammonia (NH₃) is always achieved in alkali, the selectivity dependence on nitrogen (N₂) protonation and mechanisms therein are unrevealed. Herein, we profile how the NRR selectivity theoretically relies upon the first protonation that is collectively regulated by proton (H) abundance and adsorption-desorption, along with intermediate-*NNH formation. By incorporating electronic metal modulators (M=Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) in nitrogenase-imitated model-iron polysulfide (FeSx), a series of FeMSx catalysts with tailorable protonation kinetics are obtained. The key intermediates behaviors traced by in situ FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy and operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrate the strong protonation kinetics-dependent selectivity that mathematically follows a log-linear Bradley curve. Strikingly, FeCuSx exhibits a record-high selectivity of 75.05 % at −0.1 V (vs. RHE) for NH₃ production in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte.