Synthetic routes of clean hydrocarbons fuels and oxygenates by catalytic conversions of carbon oxides

The emission controls of carbon oxides (CO_x) are crucial to fulfill carbon neutrality, where CO_x is a useful building block for chemical synthesis. Therefore, CO_x conversions have been intensively investigated to reduce carbon emissions and to produce alternative fuels such as dimethyl ether, C₅₊ higher hydrocarbons, and higher alcohols by using heterogeneous catalysts. There are lots of advantages in catalytic conversion strategies, which can be largely affected by reaction conditions and types of catalysts. In the paper, catalytic activities and reaction mechanisms of CO_x conversions are briefly summarized to elucidate recent progresses of various catalytic reactions. Furthermore, the strategies to improve catalytic activity and stability as well as adjustments of final products selectivity are summarized. Various tandem reactions with well-designed hybridized catalysts to efficiently utilize CO/CO₂ containing syngas are summarized to explain recent synthetic strategies for the productions of value-added hydrocarbon fuels and oxygenates by using environmentally benign catalytic processes.