Smart Metal Oxide Gas Sensors with Catalytic and Artificial Intelligence–Driven Selectivity

This review summarizes recent progress in metal oxide-based gas sensors, focusing on material design, catalytic engineering, and real-time sensing strategies. Advances in nanostructured materials, hetero junctions, and noble metal catalysts have significantly improved sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. Techniques such as Schottky barrier modulation, spill-over effects, and interfacial charge transfer are key to enhancing gas response. Additionally, integrating sensor arrays with artificial intelligence (AI)-based analysis, including Edge AI and convolutional neural networks, enables accurate, low-power, and real-time gas detection. These combined strategies pave the way for next-generation gas sensors suitable for diverse applications in environmental monitoring, safety, and healthcare.