Recent Technological Advances in Cystoscopy for the Detection of Bladder Cancer

Cystoscopic examination has remained as the initial and key tool to diagnosis and observe bladder cancer for many decades. However, there is a crucial limitation of the conventional white light cystoscopy, particularly the high missing rate of small, flat tumors or ill-defined lesions of carcinoma in situ. Recently, new imaging modalities have been developed offering an opportunity to overcome the pitfalls of white light cystoscopy. These include narrow band imaging, fluorescence cystoscopy, and optical coherence. In this chapter, recent advances in endoscopic visualization of bladder cancers alongside scientific evidence of its use are detailed.