Recent progressive efforts in perovskite solar cells toward commercialization

Perovskite solar cells, based on halide light absorbers with a perovskite crystal structure, have been the focus of research since their development in 2009 due to their well-known outstanding characteristics, such as high power conversion efficiency, low cost, and easy fabrication processes. Recently, a number of efforts have been made to commercialize perovskite solar cells. In this article, we review recent efforts to fabricate modularized perovskite solar cells, to develop techniques for large scale fabrication and multiple functions, and to decrease toxicity.