Recent progress in dye-sensitized solar cells for improving efficiency: TiO₂ nanotube arrays in active layer

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been widely studied due to several advantages, such as low cost-to-performance ratio, low cost of fabrication, functionality at wide angles and low intensities of incident light, mechanical robustness, and low weight. This paper summarizes the recent progress in DSSC technology for improving efficiency, focusing on the active layer in the photoanode, with a part of the DSSC consisting of dyes and a TiO₂ film layer. In particular, this review highlights a huge pool of studies that report improvements in the efficiency of DSSCs using TiO₂ nanotubes, which exhibit better electron transport. Finally, this paper suggests opportunities for future research.