Protective Effect of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Overexpressing Wharton’s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Newborn Rats

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in neuroprotection, and we have previously demon strated BDNF-mediated neuroprotective effects in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The present study aimed to in vestigate whether BDNF-overexpressing MSCs enhance the therapeutic efficacy of naïve MSCs in a preclinical model of severe neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). We exposed primary rat neuronal cells to 40 U of thrombin overnight in vitro. Subsequently, the neuronal cells were co-cultured with either naïve MSCs or BDNF-overexpressing MSCs (1×10⁵ cells in 1 mL media) for 24 hours. Next, 300 μL of maternal blood was injected into bilateral ventricles on postnatal day (P)4 to induce severe IVH in newborn Sprague-Dawley male rats. At P6, either naïve MSCs or BDNF-overexpressing MSCs (1×10⁵ cells in 10 μL saline) were transplanted intraventricularly. Behavioral function tests, including passive avoidance, followed by endpoint analyses of brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid were performed at P35. BDNF-overexpressing MSCs enhanced the effects of naïve MSCs against cell death, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress in vitro. Notably, naïve and BDNF-overexpressing MSCs did not attenuate post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilata tion, neuronal cell death, or gliosis. However, BDNF-overexpressing MSCs attenuated microglial activation. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) levels and memo ry function assessed using a passive avoidance test significantly improved in the BDNF-overexpressing MSC trans planted group compared with the naïve MSC transplanted group. Our data suggest that BDNF-overexpressing MSCs may offer superior protective effects to naïve MSCs in a neonatal IVH model.