Mini-Review on Detailed Synthetic Methods of Lead Halide Perovskite Powders, Single Crystals, and Thin Films

In solution-based synthesis of materials, precursor chemistry is closely tied to material quality, which directly impacts the performance of devices that incorporate these materials. For instance, the first practical perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic lead iodide perovskite reported in 2012 demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.8% and a stability of 500 h. As of September 2024, this record has risen to a PCE of 26.7% achieved from an inverted device structure. Among the various materials used in constructing PSCs, the perovskite layer is the most critical for photovoltaic performance. Therefore, the synthesis of perovskite powders, single crystals, and films plays a key role in achieving high-efficiency PSCs. This review focuses on the precursor solution chemistry to explore the chemical interactions among precursors and growth of single crystals and investigates the formation of perovskite films from the precursor solutions, aiming to understand their relationship with photovoltaic performance.