Kaempferol and kaempferol rhamnosides with depigmenting and anti-inflammatory properties

The objective of this study was to examine the biological activity of kaempferol and its rhamnosides. We isolated kaempferol (1), α- rhamnoisorobin (2), afzelin (3), and kaempferitrin (4) as pure compounds by far-infrared (FIR) irradiation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves. The depigmenting and anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was evaluated by analyzing their structure-activity relationships. The order of the inhibitory activity with regard to depigmentation and nitric oxide (NO) production was kaempferol (1) > α-rhamnoisorobin (2) > afzelin (3) > kaempferitrin (4). However, α- rhamnoisorobin (2) was more potent than kaempferol (1) in NF-κB-mediated luciferase assays. From these results, we conclude that the 3-hydroxyl group of kaempferol is an important pharmacophore and that additional rhamnose moieties affect the biological activity negatively.