HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory

C. Alvarez; J. R. Angeles Camacho; J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez; K. P. Arunbabu; D. Avila Rojas; V. Baghmanyan; E. Belmont-Moreno; S. Y. BenZvi; C. Brisbois; K. S. Caballero-Mora; T. Capistrán; P. Colín-Farias; U. Cotti; J. Cotzomi; S. Coutiño de León; E. De la Fuente; S. Dichiara; B. L. Dingus; M. A. DuVernois; J. C. Díaz-Vélez; C. Espinoza; N. Fraija; A. Galván-Gámez; D. Garcia; J. A. García-González; F. Garfias; M. M. González; J. A. Goodman; J. P. Harding; S. Hernandez; B. Hona; D. Huang; F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla; A. Iriarte; V. Joshi; G. J. Kunde; A. Lara; H. León Vargas; A. L. Longinotti; G. Luis-Raya; K. Malone; O. Martinez; J. Martínez-Castro; J. A. Matthews; P. Miranda-Romagnoli; J. A. Morales-Soto; E. Moreno; A. Nayerhoda; L. Nellen; M. Newbold; R. Noriega-Papaqui; A. Peisker; Y. Pérez Araujo; E. G. Pérez-Pérez; C. D. Rho; D. Rosa-González; M. Rosenberg; J. Ryan; H. Salazar; A. Sandoval; R. W. Springer; E. Tabachnick; O. Tibolla; K. Tollefson; I. Torres; R. Torres-Escobedo; L. Villaseñor; A. Zepeda; H. Zhou; C. de León

doi:10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory

C. Alvarez
, J. R. Angeles Camacho
, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez
, K. P. Arunbabu
, D. Avila Rojas
, V. Baghmanyan
, E. Belmont-Moreno
, S. Y. BenZvi
, C. Brisbois
, K. S. Caballero-Mora
, T. Capistrán
, P. Colín-Farias
, U. Cotti
, J. Cotzomi
, S. Coutiño de León
, E. De la Fuente
, S. Dichiara
, B. L. Dingus
, M. A. DuVernois
, J. C. Díaz-Vélez

C. Espinoza, N. Fraija, A. Galván-Gámez, D. Garcia, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernandez, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, A. Iriarte, V. Joshi, G. J. Kunde, A. Lara, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, A. Nayerhoda, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, R. Noriega-Papaqui, A. Peisker, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, M. Rosenberg, J. Ryan, H. Salazar, A. Sandoval, R. W. Springer, E. Tabachnick, O. Tibolla, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, L. Villaseñor, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, C. de León

Universidad Autonoma de Chiapas
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo
St. Paul’s College
Polish Academy of Sciences
University of Rochester
Michigan Technological University
Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica Optica y Electronica
Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla
Universidad de Guadalajara
Los Alamos National Laboratory
University of Wisconsin-Madison
University of Maryland, College Park
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
Universidad Politecnica de Pachuca
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
University of New Mexico
Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo
University of Utah
Michigan State University
Pennsylvania State University
University of New Hampshire
Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

6 Scopus citations

Abstract

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude 18 ^∘ N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations > 0.01 % with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.

Original language	English
Article number	89
Journal	Solar Physics
Volume	296
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z
State	Published - Jun 2021
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Atmospheric pressure modulation
Cosmic rays
Fast Fourier transform
Solar modulation

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10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

Cite this

Alvarez, C., Angeles Camacho, J. R., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Arunbabu, K. P., Avila Rojas, D., Baghmanyan, V., Belmont-Moreno, E., BenZvi, S. Y., Brisbois, C., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Colín-Farias, P., Cotti, U., Cotzomi, J., Coutiño de León, S., De la Fuente, E., Dichiara, S., Dingus, B. L., DuVernois, M. A., ... de León, C. (2021). HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory. Solar Physics, 296(6), Article 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

@article{cc5473b4913c4d63b8b25f6823ebd6b5,

title = "HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory",

abstract = "The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude 18 ∘ N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations > 0.01 \% with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.",

keywords = "Atmospheric pressure modulation, Cosmic rays, Fast Fourier transform, Solar modulation",

author = "C. Alvarez and \{Angeles Camacho\}, \{J. R.\} and Arteaga-Vel{\'a}zquez, \{J. C.\} and Arunbabu, \{K. P.\} and \{Avila Rojas\}, D. and V. Baghmanyan and E. Belmont-Moreno and BenZvi, \{S. Y.\} and C. Brisbois and Caballero-Mora, \{K. S.\} and T. Capistr{\'a}n and P. Col{\'i}n-Farias and U. Cotti and J. Cotzomi and S. Couti{\~n}o de Le{\'o}n and \{De la Fuente\}, E. and S. Dichiara and Dingus, \{B. L.\} and DuVernois, \{M. A.\} and D{\'i}az-V{\'e}lez, \{J. C.\} and C. Espinoza and N. Fraija and A. Galv{\'a}n-G{\'a}mez and D. Garcia and Garc{\'i}a-Gonz{\'a}lez, \{J. A.\} and F. Garfias and Gonz{\'a}lez, \{M. M.\} and Goodman, \{J. A.\} and Harding, \{J. P.\} and S. Hernandez and B. Hona and D. Huang and F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla and A. Iriarte and V. Joshi and Kunde, \{G. J.\} and A. Lara and \{Le{\'o}n Vargas\}, H. and Longinotti, \{A. L.\} and G. Luis-Raya and K. Malone and O. Martinez and J. Mart{\'i}nez-Castro and Matthews, \{J. A.\} and P. Miranda-Romagnoli and Morales-Soto, \{J. A.\} and E. Moreno and A. Nayerhoda and L. Nellen and M. Newbold and R. Noriega-Papaqui and A. Peisker and \{P{\'e}rez Araujo\}, Y. and P{\'e}rez-P{\'e}rez, \{E. G.\} and Rho, \{C. D.\} and D. Rosa-Gonz{\'a}lez and M. Rosenberg and J. Ryan and H. Salazar and A. Sandoval and Springer, \{R. W.\} and E. Tabachnick and O. Tibolla and K. Tollefson and I. Torres and R. Torres-Escobedo and L. Villase{\~n}or and A. Zepeda and H. Zhou and \{de Le{\'o}n\}, C.",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.",

year = "2021",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z",

language = "English",

volume = "296",

journal = "Solar Physics",

issn = "0038-0938",

publisher = "Springer Netherlands",

number = "6",

}

Alvarez, C, Angeles Camacho, JR, Arteaga-Velázquez, JC, Arunbabu, KP, Avila Rojas, D, Baghmanyan, V, Belmont-Moreno, E, BenZvi, SY, Brisbois, C, Caballero-Mora, KS, Capistrán, T, Colín-Farias, P, Cotti, U, Cotzomi, J, Coutiño de León, S, De la Fuente, E, Dichiara, S, Dingus, BL, DuVernois, MA, Díaz-Vélez, JC, Espinoza, C, Fraija, N, Galván-Gámez, A, Garcia, D, García-González, JA, Garfias, F, González, MM, Goodman, JA, Harding, JP, Hernandez, S, Hona, B, Huang, D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F, Iriarte, A, Joshi, V, Kunde, GJ, Lara, A, León Vargas, H, Longinotti, AL, Luis-Raya, G, Malone, K, Martinez, O, Martínez-Castro, J, Matthews, JA, Miranda-Romagnoli, P, Morales-Soto, JA, Moreno, E, Nayerhoda, A, Nellen, L, Newbold, M, Noriega-Papaqui, R, Peisker, A, Pérez Araujo, Y, Pérez-Pérez, EG, Rho, CD, Rosa-González, D, Rosenberg, M, Ryan, J, Salazar, H, Sandoval, A, Springer, RW, Tabachnick, E, Tibolla, O, Tollefson, K, Torres, I, Torres-Escobedo, R, Villaseñor, L, Zepeda, A, Zhou, H & de León, C 2021, 'HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory', Solar Physics, vol. 296, no. 6, 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

TY - JOUR

T1 - HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory

AU - Alvarez, C.

AU - Angeles Camacho, J. R.

AU - Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.

AU - Arunbabu, K. P.

AU - Avila Rojas, D.

AU - Baghmanyan, V.

AU - Belmont-Moreno, E.

AU - BenZvi, S. Y.

AU - Brisbois, C.

AU - Caballero-Mora, K. S.

AU - Capistrán, T.

AU - Colín-Farias, P.

AU - Cotti, U.

AU - Cotzomi, J.

AU - Coutiño de León, S.

AU - De la Fuente, E.

AU - Dichiara, S.

AU - Dingus, B. L.

AU - DuVernois, M. A.

AU - Díaz-Vélez, J. C.

AU - Espinoza, C.

AU - Fraija, N.

AU - Galván-Gámez, A.

AU - Garcia, D.

AU - García-González, J. A.

AU - Garfias, F.

AU - González, M. M.

AU - Goodman, J. A.

AU - Harding, J. P.

AU - Hernandez, S.

AU - Hona, B.

AU - Huang, D.

AU - Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F.

AU - Iriarte, A.

AU - Joshi, V.

AU - Kunde, G. J.

AU - Lara, A.

AU - León Vargas, H.

AU - Longinotti, A. L.

AU - Luis-Raya, G.

AU - Malone, K.

AU - Martinez, O.

AU - Martínez-Castro, J.

AU - Matthews, J. A.

AU - Miranda-Romagnoli, P.

AU - Morales-Soto, J. A.

AU - Moreno, E.

AU - Nayerhoda, A.

AU - Nellen, L.

AU - Newbold, M.

AU - Noriega-Papaqui, R.

AU - Peisker, A.

AU - Pérez Araujo, Y.

AU - Pérez-Pérez, E. G.

AU - Rho, C. D.

AU - Rosa-González, D.

AU - Rosenberg, M.

AU - Ryan, J.

AU - Salazar, H.

AU - Sandoval, A.

AU - Springer, R. W.

AU - Tabachnick, E.

AU - Tibolla, O.

AU - Tollefson, K.

AU - Torres, I.

AU - Torres-Escobedo, R.

AU - Villaseñor, L.

AU - Zepeda, A.

AU - Zhou, H.

AU - de León, C.

PY - 2021/6

Y1 - 2021/6

N2 - The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude 18 ∘ N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations > 0.01 % with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.

AB - The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory is located close to the equator (latitude 18 ∘ N), at an altitude of 4100 m above sea level. HAWC has 295 water Cherenkov detectors (WCD), each containing four photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The main purpose of HAWC is the determination of the energy and arrival direction of very high energy gamma rays produced by energetic processes in the universe, HAWC also has a scaler system which counts the arrival of secondary particles to the detector. In this work we show that the scaler system of HAWC is an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies due to its large area and high sensitivity. In order to prepare the scaler system for low energy heliospheric studies, we model and correct the efficiency variation of each PMT of the array, which result in a capability to measure variations > 0.01 % with high accuracy. Using the singular value decomposition method, we correct the rate deviations of all PMTs of the array, due to changes in efficiency, gain and operational voltage. We isolate and remove the atmospheric modulations of the PMTs count rates measured by the TDC-scaler data acquisition system. In particular, the atmospheric pressure at the HAWC site exhibits an oscillating behavior with a period of ∼12 hours and we make use of this periodic property to estimate the pressure coefficients for the HAWC TDC-scaler system. These corrections performed on the TDC-scaler system make the HAWC TDC-scaler system an ideal instrument for solar modulation and space-weather studies. As examples of this capability, we present the preliminary analysis of the solar modulation of cosmic rays at three time scales observed by HAWC, with an unprecedented accuracy.

KW - Atmospheric pressure modulation

KW - Cosmic rays

KW - Fast Fourier transform

KW - Solar modulation

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85107646677

U2 - 10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

DO - 10.1007/s11207-021-01827-z

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85107646677

SN - 0038-0938

VL - 296

JO - Solar Physics

JF - Solar Physics

IS - 6

M1 - 89

ER -

HAWC as a Ground-Based Space-Weather Observatory

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Keywords

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