Facile High-Yield Growth of One-Dimensional van der Waals Ta₂Pd₃Se₈ via Chemical Vapor Transport Using PdCl₂ as a Transport Agent

Chemical vapor transport (CVT) is a commonly used method for growing single crystals. Halogens and their compounds are widely employed as transport agents owing to their low sublimation points. To increase the yield of produce, this study explored the species type and amount of transport agents as well as the synthesis temperature and time to achieve the maximum optimization of the synthesis process of Ta₂Pd₃Se₈ nanowires. Four transport agents, namely, PdCl₂, PdBr₂, I₂, and Se, were thermodynamically analyzed and compared, and PdCl₂ was deemed the most suitable agent for Ta₂Pd₃Se₈ field-effect transistor applications. The high current on/off ratio of approximately 10⁵ and mobility of 13.8 cm² V^-1 s^-1 obtained for the Ta₂Pd₃Se₈ nanowires via the improved CVT method were further confirmed by analyzing their electrical properties. Additionally, a method for selecting the optimal transport agent, amount of transport agent, and temperature and time of the CVT reaction is presented for growing single crystals with maximum yields.