Etiology of hemoptysis in children: A single institutional series of 40 cases

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the causes of hemoptysis in a pediatric age group. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who were admitted to Samsung Medical Center between 1996 and 2008 with a chief complaint of hemoptysis. Patients with trauma or underlying bleeding tendency such as leukemia were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups according to age (0 to 5 yr, 6 to 10 yr, and 11 to 18 yr). The amount of hemoptysis was classified as mild (≤20 mL/day), moderate (20-100 mL/day), or massive (>100 mL/day). Causes and duration of hemoptysis, disease course, and mortality were also investigated. Results: A total of 40 patients (18 males and 22 females) were identified. Their median age was 6.3 yr (range, 10 months to 18 yr). Twenty-five patients manifested mild hemoptysis; moderate and massive hemoptysis were found in nine and six patients, respectively. Respiratory tract infection was the most common cause of hemoptysis. Other causes included congenital heart disease, Heiner syndrome, neoplasm in the airway, vasculitis syndrome, and bronchiectasis. In most patients (87.5%), hemoptysis disappeared during medical treatment that included antibiotics or transfusion. Hemoptysis recurred in 12 patients, and the overall mortality rate was 5%. Conclusions: The most common cause of hemoptysis in children was respiratory tract infection. Most cases had a benign course, but recurrence and mortality occurred in a minority of patients. An accurate diagnosis of the underlying etiology is essential for treatment.