Engineered M13 bacteriophage-enhanced colorimetric detection of allergenic fungi

Fungal spores are an important component of bio-aerosols and ubiquitous in indoor environments, leading to adverse health problems. Because concerns about indoor air quality have increased, rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed for personal and public health. In this study, we developed a sensitive colorimetric biosensor for detecting allergenic fungal spores using engineered M13 bacteriophages. Aspergillus niger spore-binding phages, showing high binding affinity to A. niger spores, were identified by phage display screening. The phages were biotinylated on the major coat protein pVIII for binding with streptavidin–HRP conjugates, resulting in enhanced color change. This engineered phage exhibited higher sensitivity and specificity for A. niger spores than conventionally used antibody-based detection systems.