Dual effects of hepatitis B virus X protein on the regulation of cell-cyle control depending on the status of cellular p53

Despite the extensive studies on the roles of hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), the mechanisms by which HBx contributes to HCC remain controversial. In this study, the effect of HBx on the G₁-S checkpoint control depending on the status of p53 was compared. Transcription of p21^waf1/cip1 was activated by HBx in the presence of functional p53 in a dose-dependent manner. However, it was repressed by HBx when p53 was absent or present at a low level. Furthermore, the growth rate of the HBx-expressing NIH3T3 cell lines compared with that of the parental cells was decreased when p53 was upregulated by a DNA-damaging agent, cisplatin, whereas it increased approximately twofold when p53 was present at a very low level. Thus, the opposite effects of HBx on the regulation of the cell cycle depending on the status of p53 might be important to understand the progression of hepatic diseases in HBV-positive patients.