Combined therapy with bronchial artery embolization and tranexamic acid for hemoptysis

Background: While most previous studies have viewed tranexamic acid as a bridging or temporary therapy, our preliminary study offers insights into the combined therapy of antifibrinolytic agent with endovascular treatment for hemoptysis. Purpose: To investigate the feasibility and safety of combined therapy, to analyze factors affecting the outcomes of combined therapy, and to compare the effectiveness of combined therapy between groups with different etiologies. Material and Methods: Between January 2011 and December 2014, 64 patients (33 men, mean age 64.6 years) underwent combined therapy for hemoptysis. The median follow-up time was 14.7 months (range 174–2435 days). Patients were divided into a tuberculosis group (Group_TB, n=37) and a non-tuberculosis group (Group_non-TB, n=27). Results: Embolotherapy was technically successful in 62/64 (96.9%) cases. The immediate clinical success rate was 96.8% (60/62). The short-term and long-term recurrence rates were 12.9% (n=8) and 19.4% (n=12), respectively. The one-, two-, and four-year recurrence-free survival rates were 61%, 49%, and 32%, respectively. There was no significant survival difference between the two groups. Suboptimal embolization was a significant risk factor for immediate clinical failure (odds ratio 29.624, P = 0.023). Optimal embolization (hazard ratio [HR] 0.199, P = 0.023) and older age (HR 0.956, P = 0.013) were significantly associated with lower recurrence risk. Conclusion: Combined therapy is an effective and safe treatment modality for hemoptysis of various etiologies, with potential benefits for short-term recurrence vis-a-vis current literature evidence. Suboptimal embolization was the most important modifiable risk factor for treatment failure and recurrence after combined therapy.