Biosupercapacitors for Human-Powered Electronics

Biosupercapacitors are rapidly gaining attention as promising energy storage systems for next-generation bioelectronics, offering a unique combination of fast charge–discharge rates, high power density, and mechanical compliance within formats suitable for physiological environments. As the demands for miniaturized, autonomous, and human-conformal electronic systems grow, biosupercapacitors provide critical advantages over conventional batteries, addressing long-standing limitations in rigidity, toxicity, and biointegration. This review outlines the evolution of biosupercapacitors from traditional capacitive architectures to advanced systems designed for seamless operation across multiple physiological domains. Their applications are categorized based on spatial integration–from external and epidermal to peripheral and organ-level systems–while interactive biosupercapacitor platforms that enable sensing, stimulation, and responsive therapeutic feedback are highlighted. Key material strategies, such as hybrid nanostructures, bioresorbable substrates, and enzymatic interfaces, are critically examined in terms of their impact on electrochemical performance, biocompatibility, and device functionality. By articulating both foundational principles and emerging trajectories, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on biosupercapacitors in shaping future energy-autonomous and human-integrated medical technologies.