Antagonistic-structured breathable triboelectric nanogenerator based on sponge PMMA-GO/electrode mesh hybrid for wearable healthcare applications

The development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with structural flexibility, breathability, biocompatibility, and high sensitivity is crucial for real-time physiological monitoring, particularly in personalized elderly care and rehabilitation. Here, we introduce a morphologically antagonistic TENG (MA-TENG) comprising a sponge-like graphene oxide–poly(methyl methacrylate)/copper mesh hybrid (s-PMMA-GO/Cu-mesh) and a convex-micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (c-PDMS) layer. The s-PMMA-GO/Cu-mesh hybrid, fabricated via a scalable one-step dip-coating method with in-situ GO decoration through solution-induced phase separation, forms a hierarchical porous electret-electrode hybrid (EEH) that simultaneously enhances surface charge transfer, charge trapping, mechanical robustness, and breathability. The MA-TENG achieves an output power density of 14.5 W.m^-², an open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of ∼285 V, and a short-circuit current (I_SC) of 85 µA, yielding 68 times higher energy output than a conventional flat TENG. Furthermore, the device also demonstrates long-term durability (>21 000 cycles), effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and water-resistant air permeability. To demonstrate practical utility, the MA-TENG was integrated into a smart glove for gesture recognition and wireless motion tracking, enabling real-time rehabilitation monitoring. This work offers a scalable and cost-effective strategy for developing next-generation self-powered wearable electronics and health monitoring systems.