An electrolyte-free flexible electrochromic device using electrostatically strong graphene quantum dot-viologen nanocomposites

A strong electrostatic MV²⁺-GQD nanocomposite provides an electrolyte-free flexible electrochromic device wih high durability. The positively charged MV²⁺ and negatively charged GQD are strongly stabilized by non-covalent intermolecular forces (e.g., electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking interactions, and cation-π electron interactions), eliminating the need for an electrolyte. An electrolyte-free flexible electrochromic device fabricated from the GQD-supported MV²⁺ exhibits stable performance under mechanical and thermal stresses.