A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 1013 to 1015eV using HAWC

R. Alfaro; C. Alvarez; J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez; D. Avila Rojas; H. A.Ayala Solares; E. Belmont-Moreno; A. Bernal; K. S. Caballero-Mora; T. Capistrán; A. Carramiñana; S. Casanova; J. Cotzomi; S. Coutiño de León; E. De la Fuente; D. Depaoli; P. Desiati; N. Di Lalla; R. Diaz Hernandez; M. A. DuVernois; J. C. Díaz-Vélez; K. Engel; T. Ergin; K. L. Fan; N. Fraija; J. A. García-González; A. Gonzalez Muñoz; M. M. González; J. A. Goodman; J. P. Harding; S. Hernández-Cadena; I. Herzog; D. Huang; F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla; P. Hüntemeyer; A. Iriarte; A. Lara; W. H. Lee; H. León Vargas; A. L. Longinotti; G. Luis-Raya; K. Malone; O. Martinez; J. Martínez-Castro; H. Martínez-Huerta; J. A. Matthews; P. Miranda-Romagnoli; J. A. Morales-Soto; E. Moreno; M. Mostafá; M. Najafi; L. Nellen; R. Noriega-Papaqui; N. Omodei; Y. Pérez Araujo; E. G. Pérez-Pérez; C. D. Rho; D. Rosa-González; H. Salazar; A. Sandoval; M. Schneider; J. Serna-Franco; A. J. Smith; Y. Son; R. W. Springer; K. Tollefson; I. Torres; R. Torres-Escobedo; R. Turner; F. Ureña-Mena; E. Varela; L. Villaseñor; X. Wang; I. J. Watson; H. Wu; S. Yu; H. Zhou; C. de León

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 10¹³ to 10¹⁵eV using HAWC

R. Alfaro
, C. Alvarez
, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez
, D. Avila Rojas
, H. A.Ayala Solares
, E. Belmont-Moreno
, A. Bernal
, K. S. Caballero-Mora
, T. Capistrán
, A. Carramiñana
, S. Casanova
, J. Cotzomi
, S. Coutiño de León
, E. De la Fuente
, D. Depaoli
, P. Desiati
, N. Di Lalla
, R. Diaz Hernandez
, M. A. DuVernois
, J. C. Díaz-Vélez

K. Engel, T. Ergin, K. L. Fan, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, A. Gonzalez Muñoz, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández-Cadena, I. Herzog, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Lara, W. H. Lee, H. León Vargas, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, K. Malone, O. Martinez, J. Martínez-Castro, H. Martínez-Huerta, J. A. Matthews, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, J. A. Morales-Soto, E. Moreno, M. Mostafá, M. Najafi, L. Nellen, R. Noriega-Papaqui, N. Omodei, Y. Pérez Araujo, E. G. Pérez-Pérez, C. D. Rho, D. Rosa-González, H. Salazar, A. Sandoval, M. Schneider, J. Serna-Franco, A. J. Smith, Y. Son, R. W. Springer, K. Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, R. Turner, F. Ureña-Mena, E. Varela, L. Villaseñor, X. Wang, I. J. Watson, H. Wu, S. Yu, H. Zhou, C. de León

Department of Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Scopus citations

Abstract

We report the total energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy interval from 10TeV to 1PeV, which lies in the energy region where both direct and indirect cosmic ray experiments overlap. The all-particle spectrum was obtained from an unfolding analysis of 5.3 years of data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory for zenith angles smaller than or equal to 35°. The study was carried out in the framework of the QGSJET-II-04 hadronic interaction model. The measured spectrum confirms the presence of a knee-like feature at tens of TeV. In our analysis, the position of this softening is found at 40.2±1.0(stat.)_−6.4^+6.2(sys.)TeV. The measured spectral indices before and after the break are γ₁=−2.53±0.01(stat.)_−0.05^+0.04(sys.) and γ₂=−2.71±0.01(stat.)_−0.04^+0.03(sys.), respectively.

Original language	English
Article number	103077
Journal	Astroparticle Physics
Volume	167
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077
State	Published - May 2025

Keywords

Cosmic-ray energy spectrum
Extensive air showers
Ground-based cosmic-ray detectors
HAWC
High-energy cosmic rays
Water Cherenkov detectors

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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

Cite this

Alfaro, R., Alvarez, C., Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C., Rojas, D. A., Solares, H. A. A., Belmont-Moreno, E., Bernal, A., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Capistrán, T., Carramiñana, A., Casanova, S., Cotzomi, J., de León, S. C., De la Fuente, E., Depaoli, D., Desiati, P., Di Lalla, N., Hernandez, R. D., DuVernois, M. A., ... de León, C. (2025). A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 10¹³ to 10¹⁵eV using HAWC. Astroparticle Physics, 167, Article 103077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

@article{86e6ed9c17e44ac69072958e6945614f,

title = "A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 1013 to 1015eV using HAWC",

abstract = "We report the total energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy interval from 10TeV to 1PeV, which lies in the energy region where both direct and indirect cosmic ray experiments overlap. The all-particle spectrum was obtained from an unfolding analysis of 5.3 years of data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory for zenith angles smaller than or equal to 35°. The study was carried out in the framework of the QGSJET-II-04 hadronic interaction model. The measured spectrum confirms the presence of a knee-like feature at tens of TeV. In our analysis, the position of this softening is found at 40.2±1.0(stat.)−6.4+6.2(sys.)TeV. The measured spectral indices before and after the break are γ1=−2.53±0.01(stat.)−0.05+0.04(sys.) and γ2=−2.71±0.01(stat.)−0.04+0.03(sys.), respectively.",

keywords = "Cosmic-ray energy spectrum, Extensive air showers, Ground-based cosmic-ray detectors, HAWC, High-energy cosmic rays, Water Cherenkov detectors",

author = "R. Alfaro and C. Alvarez and Arteaga-Vel{\'a}zquez, \{J. C.\} and Rojas, \{D. Avila\} and Solares, \{H. A.Ayala\} and E. Belmont-Moreno and A. Bernal and Caballero-Mora, \{K. S.\} and T. Capistr{\'a}n and A. Carrami{\~n}ana and S. Casanova and J. Cotzomi and \{de Le{\'o}n\}, \{S. Couti{\~n}o\} and \{De la Fuente\}, E. and D. Depaoli and P. Desiati and \{Di Lalla\}, N. and Hernandez, \{R. Diaz\} and DuVernois, \{M. A.\} and D{\'i}az-V{\'e}lez, \{J. C.\} and K. Engel and T. Ergin and Fan, \{K. L.\} and N. Fraija and Garc{\'i}a-Gonz{\'a}lez, \{J. A.\} and Mu{\~n}oz, \{A. Gonzalez\} and Gonz{\'a}lez, \{M. M.\} and Goodman, \{J. A.\} and Harding, \{J. P.\} and S. Hern{\'a}ndez-Cadena and I. Herzog and D. Huang and F. Hueyotl-Zahuantitla and P. H{\"u}ntemeyer and A. Iriarte and A. Lara and Lee, \{W. H.\} and Vargas, \{H. Le{\'o}n\} and Longinotti, \{A. L.\} and G. Luis-Raya and K. Malone and O. Martinez and J. Mart{\'i}nez-Castro and H. Mart{\'i}nez-Huerta and Matthews, \{J. A.\} and P. Miranda-Romagnoli and Morales-Soto, \{J. A.\} and E. Moreno and M. Mostaf{\'a} and M. Najafi and L. Nellen and R. Noriega-Papaqui and N. Omodei and Araujo, \{Y. P{\'e}rez\} and P{\'e}rez-P{\'e}rez, \{E. G.\} and Rho, \{C. D.\} and D. Rosa-Gonz{\'a}lez and H. Salazar and A. Sandoval and M. Schneider and J. Serna-Franco and Smith, \{A. J.\} and Y. Son and Springer, \{R. W.\} and K. Tollefson and I. Torres and R. Torres-Escobedo and R. Turner and F. Ure{\~n}a-Mena and E. Varela and L. Villase{\~n}or and X. Wang and Watson, \{I. J.\} and H. Wu and S. Yu and H. Zhou and \{de Le{\'o}n\}, C.",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Elsevier B.V.",

year = "2025",

month = may,

doi = "10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077",

language = "English",

volume = "167",

journal = "Astroparticle Physics",

issn = "0927-6505",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

}

Alfaro, R, Alvarez, C, Arteaga-Velázquez, JC, Rojas, DA, Solares, HAA, Belmont-Moreno, E, Bernal, A, Caballero-Mora, KS, Capistrán, T, Carramiñana, A, Casanova, S, Cotzomi, J, de León, SC, De la Fuente, E, Depaoli, D, Desiati, P, Di Lalla, N, Hernandez, RD, DuVernois, MA, Díaz-Vélez, JC, Engel, K, Ergin, T, Fan, KL, Fraija, N, García-González, JA, Muñoz, AG, González, MM, Goodman, JA, Harding, JP, Hernández-Cadena, S, Herzog, I, Huang, D, Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F, Hüntemeyer, P, Iriarte, A, Lara, A, Lee, WH, Vargas, HL, Longinotti, AL, Luis-Raya, G, Malone, K, Martinez, O, Martínez-Castro, J, Martínez-Huerta, H, Matthews, JA, Miranda-Romagnoli, P, Morales-Soto, JA, Moreno, E, Mostafá, M, Najafi, M, Nellen, L, Noriega-Papaqui, R, Omodei, N, Araujo, YP, Pérez-Pérez, EG, Rho, CD, Rosa-González, D, Salazar, H, Sandoval, A, Schneider, M, Serna-Franco, J, Smith, AJ, Son, Y, Springer, RW, Tollefson, K, Torres, I, Torres-Escobedo, R, Turner, R, Ureña-Mena, F, Varela, E, Villaseñor, L, Wang, X, Watson, IJ, Wu, H, Yu, S, Zhou, H & de León, C 2025, 'A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 10¹³ to 10¹⁵eV using HAWC', Astroparticle Physics, vol. 167, 103077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

TY - JOUR

T1 - A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 1013 to 1015eV using HAWC

AU - Alfaro, R.

AU - Alvarez, C.

AU - Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.

AU - Rojas, D. Avila

AU - Solares, H. A.Ayala

AU - Belmont-Moreno, E.

AU - Bernal, A.

AU - Caballero-Mora, K. S.

AU - Capistrán, T.

AU - Carramiñana, A.

AU - Casanova, S.

AU - Cotzomi, J.

AU - de León, S. Coutiño

AU - De la Fuente, E.

AU - Depaoli, D.

AU - Desiati, P.

AU - Di Lalla, N.

AU - Hernandez, R. Diaz

AU - DuVernois, M. A.

AU - Díaz-Vélez, J. C.

AU - Engel, K.

AU - Ergin, T.

AU - Fan, K. L.

AU - Fraija, N.

AU - García-González, J. A.

AU - Muñoz, A. Gonzalez

AU - González, M. M.

AU - Goodman, J. A.

AU - Harding, J. P.

AU - Hernández-Cadena, S.

AU - Herzog, I.

AU - Huang, D.

AU - Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F.

AU - Hüntemeyer, P.

AU - Iriarte, A.

AU - Lara, A.

AU - Lee, W. H.

AU - Vargas, H. León

AU - Longinotti, A. L.

AU - Luis-Raya, G.

AU - Malone, K.

AU - Martinez, O.

AU - Martínez-Castro, J.

AU - Martínez-Huerta, H.

AU - Matthews, J. A.

AU - Miranda-Romagnoli, P.

AU - Morales-Soto, J. A.

AU - Moreno, E.

AU - Mostafá, M.

AU - Najafi, M.

AU - Nellen, L.

AU - Noriega-Papaqui, R.

AU - Omodei, N.

AU - Araujo, Y. Pérez

AU - Pérez-Pérez, E. G.

AU - Rho, C. D.

AU - Rosa-González, D.

AU - Salazar, H.

AU - Sandoval, A.

AU - Schneider, M.

AU - Serna-Franco, J.

AU - Smith, A. J.

AU - Son, Y.

AU - Springer, R. W.

AU - Tollefson, K.

AU - Torres, I.

AU - Torres-Escobedo, R.

AU - Turner, R.

AU - Ureña-Mena, F.

AU - Varela, E.

AU - Villaseñor, L.

AU - Wang, X.

AU - Watson, I. J.

AU - Wu, H.

AU - Yu, S.

AU - Zhou, H.

AU - de León, C.

PY - 2025/5

Y1 - 2025/5

N2 - We report the total energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy interval from 10TeV to 1PeV, which lies in the energy region where both direct and indirect cosmic ray experiments overlap. The all-particle spectrum was obtained from an unfolding analysis of 5.3 years of data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory for zenith angles smaller than or equal to 35°. The study was carried out in the framework of the QGSJET-II-04 hadronic interaction model. The measured spectrum confirms the presence of a knee-like feature at tens of TeV. In our analysis, the position of this softening is found at 40.2±1.0(stat.)−6.4+6.2(sys.)TeV. The measured spectral indices before and after the break are γ1=−2.53±0.01(stat.)−0.05+0.04(sys.) and γ2=−2.71±0.01(stat.)−0.04+0.03(sys.), respectively.

AB - We report the total energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy interval from 10TeV to 1PeV, which lies in the energy region where both direct and indirect cosmic ray experiments overlap. The all-particle spectrum was obtained from an unfolding analysis of 5.3 years of data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory for zenith angles smaller than or equal to 35°. The study was carried out in the framework of the QGSJET-II-04 hadronic interaction model. The measured spectrum confirms the presence of a knee-like feature at tens of TeV. In our analysis, the position of this softening is found at 40.2±1.0(stat.)−6.4+6.2(sys.)TeV. The measured spectral indices before and after the break are γ1=−2.53±0.01(stat.)−0.05+0.04(sys.) and γ2=−2.71±0.01(stat.)−0.04+0.03(sys.), respectively.

KW - Cosmic-ray energy spectrum

KW - Extensive air showers

KW - Ground-based cosmic-ray detectors

KW - HAWC

KW - High-energy cosmic rays

KW - Water Cherenkov detectors

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85214347535

U2 - 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

DO - 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2024.103077

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85214347535

SN - 0927-6505

VL - 167

JO - Astroparticle Physics

JF - Astroparticle Physics

M1 - 103077

ER -

A measurement of the all-particle energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 10¹³ to 10¹⁵eV using HAWC

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