A Design of High-Efficiency RF/Solar/ Triboelectric/Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of a Hybrid Energy Harvesting System designed to harvest energy from diverse sources, including 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz RF energy, electromagnetic (EM) energy, solar energy, and triboelectric energy. The proposed converter operates within a wide input voltage range, maximizing efficiency and stability. A reconfigurable RF-DC converter is used for both 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequencies to achieve high power conversion efficiency at low input power level. A maximum of 52 % and 44.8 % PCE is achieved at -14 dBm and -2 dBm respectively. Electromagnetic rectifier produces an output voltage of 1 V with a PCE of 95.6 % which operates with a 15 Hz input frequency. The voltage of the tribo rectifier is limited by the limiter circuit to 2.5 V with a PCE of 96 % concerning load current. A voltage combiner is used to combine all these harvested voltages and pass them to the buckboost DC-DC converter. This hybrid energy harvesting system is designed and fabricated in 180 nm bipolar-CMOSDMOS (BCD) technology with an active area of 2.8mm $\times 2.5$ mm. The buck-boost DC-DC converter incorporated into our hybrid energy harvesting system achieves an impressive peak Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 95 %. This innovative system integrates EM, solar, triboelectric, and RF energy harvesters, collectively ensuring a reliable power source. The ultimate goal is to deliver a steady 5 V DC voltage, skillfully regulated by the buck-boost DC-DC converter.