A critical review of lanthanum and lanthanum-based materials: synthesis, applications, and challenges

Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications. To fulfil increasing demands, rare earth element-based materials have become important. In particular, lanthanum (La) and La-based materials have garnered attention in recent years due to their versatile properties and wide range of potential applications. This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the utilization of La and its compounds across various fields. In the realm of sensing and biosensing, La-based materials exhibit better sensitivity and selectivity, indicating their suitability for detecting environmental pollutants and biomolecules. The review also explores their role in supercapacitors, where their unique electrochemical properties contribute to enhanced performance and stability. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of La compounds are highlighted in water-splitting applications, emphasizing their efficiency in oxygen and hydrogen production. The biomedical applications of La-based materials are also examined, focusing on their biocompatibility and potential in drug delivery and medical imaging. This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the current state of research, identify challenges, and suggest future directions for the development and application of La and La-based materials in these diverse fields.